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Title: Zuni Encounters with Anthropologists
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
Frank Cushing at Zuni Pueblo
Zuni Pueblo has been a crossroads in the American Southwest for hundreds of years. The Zuni world included encounters with neighboring and more distant tribes. The Zuni world expanded with the Spanish entradas beginning in the 1500s. It expanded stil...
Show Keywords: 1500s; 1800s; 1900s; Americans; anthropologists; Apaches; artifacts; Bow Priesthood; Cushing, Frank Hamilton; Eleventh; entradas; ethnologists; expeditions; governor; indigenous people; Kearny, Stephen; Navajos; Ninth; pueblos; rituals; rivers; scalp; settlers; Smithsonian Institution; societies; songs; Southwest; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spanish; tales; Tenth; traders; traditions; Twelfth; U.S. Bureau of Ethnology; US Army; warriors; Washington, DC; Zuni Pueblo; Zunis |
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Title: Muster Roll
Source(s): Majestic Journey: Coronado’s Inland Empire Author(s):
Stewart L. Udall (Author)
Before Coronado’s expedition into New Mexico, a muster roll was taken describing each traveler in detail.
We know a lot about events that day at Compostela— exactly 192 years before George Washington was born in 1732—because Don Antonio had issued an order that each soldier would pass before an inspector and declare his possessions. Thus, diligent sc...
Show Keywords: 1500s; 1550s; 1730s; Acoma Pueblo; aldermen; Andalusia; animals; Argentina; armor; army; arquebus; arrows; arsenals; artists; bishops; blacksmiths; brothers; buglers; Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nuñez; campaigns; camps; canvas; captains; Carlos, King of Spain; carriers; castles; Catholic Monarchs; Catholicism; cattle; cavalry; Cárdenas, Don García López de; Cíbola; chamberlain; chaplains; Christianity; colonialism; Colorado River; commanders; Compostela; conquistadores; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; Cortés, Hernán; Costa Rica; councils; cross; crossbows; Culiacán; daughters; Díaz, Melchior; death; discovery; dispatches; England; ensigns; entradas; equipment; Estrada, Beatriz de; expeditions; explorers; families; Felipe II, King of Spain; Florida; food; France; Franciscans; friars; generals; Germany; God; governor; Grand Canyon; helmets; history; hooves; Hopis; horses; Italy; journalists; Juana la Loca; Kansas; march; martyrs; Mary, Queen of England; mayors; Mendoza, Antonio de; metal; Mexican Indians; Mexico; Mexico City; mines; missionaries; mules; muster roll; New Mexico; New Spain; New World; Niza, Marcos de; north; nurses; oaths; Oñate, Juan de; Pacific Ocean; Padilla, Juan de; paint; Panama; Pecos Pueblo; pilgrimages; ponies; pony express; Portugal; priests; prisons; province; Quivira; race; retinues; riders; rituals; saddles; Saint Francis of Assisi; Salamanca; sandals; scarecrows; Scotland; scouts; servants; settlements; Seville; sheep; shoemakers; skins; soldiers; sons; Spanish; spurs; supplies; swords; symbols; Tabasco; Taos; Tepic; Tigüex; Tordesillas; traditions; transportation; travelers; treasurer; Tunis; Turquoise Trail; Udall, Stewart L.; United States; Valladolid; vanguard; veterans; veterinarian; viceroys; Washington, George; weapons; wives; women; wounds; wranglers; Yucatán; Zumárraga, Juan de |
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Title: The Journey of Fray Marcos de Niza
Source(s): The Journey of Fray Marcos de Niza Author(s):
Fray Marcos de Niza (Author); Cleve Hallenbeck (Editor)
What happens when Fray Marcos de Niza sends Estevan the Spanish Moor as advance scout in search of the golden Cities of Cibola in 1539.
On another route I sent Estevan de Dorantes, the black, whom I instructed to follow to the north for fifty or sixty leagues, to see if by that route he would be able to learn of any great thing such as we sought; and I agreed with him that if he rece...
Show Keywords: 1530s; Acus; apartments; arrows; belts; blankets; blood; borders; brothers; buttons; calabash; cascabels; Catholicism; Cíbola; Central America; Christianity; clothing; corn; corn pollen; cows; cross; cure; death; decorate; designs; despoblado; destiny; digs; districts; east; Easter; Esteban; evil; expeditions; explorers; fathers; food; Franciscans; friars; goats; God; gold; grief; ground; guides; gypsies; Hawikuh; hide; history; hospitality; houses; Indians; Jesus Christ; journeys; kills; kingdom; lances; leagues; limestone; lord; mantas; Marata; messengers; Mexico; missionaries; natives; New Spain; news; nights; Niza, Marcos de; north; patrimony; peace; Pintados; portadas; portale; province; rattles; rituals; settlements; Seven Cities of Cíbola; shirts; signals; sins; sons; souls; Spanish; Spanish Crown; stones; streams; streets; sun; tales; tassels; Totonteac; trade; travelers; turquoise; Vacapa; valleys; viceroys; villa; villages; voices; women; workers; wounds; Zuni Pueblo; Zuni Valley; Zunis |
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Title: Letter from Coronado to Mendoza
Source(s): The Journey of Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, 1540-1542 Author(s):
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (Author); George Hammond (Editor); Agapito Rey (Editor)
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado wrote this report to Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza describing his expedition into New Mexico in 1540.
Ferrando Alvarado came back to tell me that some Indians had met him peaceably, & that two of them were with the army-master waiting for me. I went to them forthwith and gave them some paternosters and some little cloaks, telling them to return to th...
Show Keywords: 1540s; adventures; Alvarado, Ferrando; army; arrows; attacks; battles; bows; bushels; cavalry; Cárdenas, Don García López de; cities; commanders; conquers; conquistadores; corn; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; courage; crossbows; death; defend; Eleventh; enemies; entradas; expeditions; Felipe II, King of Spain; fire; food; gentlemen; God; guns; helmets; history; horses; houses; Indians; interpreters; Jesus Christ; kills; ladders; letters; marquis; men; Mendoza, Antonio de; musketeers; New Mexico; New Spain; news; nights; Ninth; paternosters; plains; priests; provisions; reports; retreats; riders; signals; soldiers; Spanish; starvation; Tenth; trumpets; Twelfth; Vermizzo, Ferrando; viceroys; walls; wounds; Zuni Valley; Zunis |
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Title: Early Life
Source(s): Geronimo: His Own Story Author(s):
Geronimo (Author); S. M. Barrett (Oral Historian)
Famed Chiricahua Apache war chief Geronimo speaks of his childhood and how a boy becomes a warrior. As Told to S. M. Barrett.
I was born in No-doyohn Cañon, Arizona, June, 1829. In that country which lies around the headwaters of the Gila River I was reared. This range was our fatherland; among these mountains our wigwams were hidden; the scattered valleys contained our fi...
Show Keywords: 1800s; 1820s; acres; animals; Apaches; Arizona; autumn; babies; baskets; battles; beans; bears; berries; boys; bread; bury; camps; captives; cattle; caverns; caves; cherries; chiefs; children; Chiricahua Apaches; clouds; cooks; corn; cottonwoods; councils; courage; coward; cradles; crops; cultivate; deer; dogs; eats; Eighth; Eleventh; enemies; expeditions; farming; fatherland; fathers; fear; ferment; fields; fodder; Fort Sill; friends; Geronimo; Gila River; girls; Great Spirit; harvest; hoes; home; honor; horses; hunts; intoxicate; knives; languages; legends; mano; medicine man; melons; men; metate; military prison; moon; mothers; mountains; nights; Ninth; No-doyohn Cañon; nuts; oral history; parents; pastures; pines; plains; plants; play; plows; ponies; prayers; protect; pumpkins; revenge; riders; rivers; sacred; scalp; servants; Seventh; sky; smoke; squaws; stars; status; storms; sun; Tenth; tepees; thickets; tobacco; trees; tribes; Twelfth; Usen; valleys; volunteers; votes; warriors; wars; wigwams; wind; winter; wisdom; wolves; women; wounds; youths |
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Title: Castañeda's History of the Expedition
Source(s): The Journey of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 1540-1542; Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540-1940 Author(s):
Pedro de Castañeda (Author); George P. Hammond (Editor); Agapito Rey (Editor)
How the Zunis kill the negro Esteban at Cibola, and how Fray Marcos flees in flight.
CHAPTER III — How they killed the negro Esteban at Cíbola, and how Fray Marcos returned in flight.
When Esteban got away from the said friars, he craved to gain honor and fame in everything and to be credited with the boldness and daring of dis...
Show Keywords: 1540s; adobe; Alvarado, Captain Hernando de; army; authority; boys; Castañeda, Pedro de; Catholicism; Cárdenas, Don García López de; Cíbola; Chichilticale; conquers; conquistadores; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; councils; Culiacán; danger; Díaz, Melchior; defeat; despoblado; discovery; districts; Eighth; elders; Eleventh; entradas; Esteban; expeditions; explorers; farms; fear; fields; fish; forts; friars; generals; God; guides; heavens; history; honor; horses; Indians; interpreters; journeys; kills; leagues; lord; Mexican Indians; missionaries; Moors; nations; natives; negroes; New Spain; New World; news; Ninth; Niza, Marcos de; Old World; peace; presents; protect; province; provisions; pueblos; Red River; regions; religious articles; riders; ruins; saddles; Santiago, the; settlements; Seven Cities of Cíbola; Seventh; soldiers; Spain; Spanish; spy; squadrons; streams; sweat lodges; tales; Tenth; turquoise; Twelfth; valleys; veterans; Victoria, Fray Antonio; victory; war cry; warriors; weapons; white men; wisdom; women; Zaldívar, Juan de; Zuni Pueblo; Zunis |
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Title: Acoma
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
An introduction to the history and culture of the people of Acoma.
Tribal elders say that Acoma (sometimes spelled Akome, Acuo, Acuco, Ako and A’ku-me) means “a place that always was.” Archaeologists have found artifacts at digs on Acoma Mesa that speak of prehistoric times. Like its near neighbors Hopi and Zu...
Show Keywords: 1200s; 1500s; 1560s; 1580s; 1590s; 1600s; 1620s; 1680s; 1690s; 1700s; 1800s; 1900s; Acoma Mesa; Acoma Pueblo; Acomas; Alvarado, Captain Hernando de; Americans; ancestral pueblo; animals; archaeologists; armor; artifacts; Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad; Battle of Acoma; battles; beans; Bigotes; burros; camps; cannons; cantos; captains; Catholicism; Chaco Canyon; chiefs; church; citadels; clans; cliffs; colonialism; Colorado; commerce; conceive; conquistadores; consumerism; converts; corn; cornfields; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; cows; crops; dances; daughters; death; defend; digs; disasters; elders; emigration; Enchanted Mesa; Espejo, Antonio de; expeditions; exploitation; farming; Father Sun; fields; fire; Franciscans; fruit; girls; guides; Hawikuh; Hopi; horses; Iatiku; immigration; indigenous people; Jemez Pueblo; journeys; katsinam; Keresan; kivas; malpais; McCarty's; Mesa Verde; mesas; Mexico; migration; miners; missionaries; missions; mutilation; names; Nautsiti; Navajos; neighbors; New Mexico; New Spain; Niza, Marcos de; Oñate, Juan de; oral history; oral tradition; origin stories; paths; peace; Pecos Pueblo; pictograph; plants; poem; poets; potsherds; potters; pottery; prehistory; presents; priests; Pueblo Revolt; pueblos; raids; railroad; rains; Ramírez, Fray Juan; rebellions; reconquest; rhymes; Rio Grande; rituals; rivers; routes; ruins; salt; servants; settlements; sheep; sisters; sky; slave trade; slaves; Snake Dance; snakes; societies; soldiers; sons; Southwest Crossroads Spotlight; Spain; Spanish; squash; stories; storytellers; surrender; tales; television; tourist; tourist art; traditions; trails; trees; twins; underground; United States; uranium; valleys; Vargas, Don Diego de; veterans; villages; Villagrá, Gaspar Pérez de; walls; warriors; water; World War II; Zaldívar, Juan de; Zaldívar, Vicente de; Zuni |
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Title: Pérez de Villagrá’s Cantos
Author(s):
Southwest Crossroads Spotlight
An introduction to Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá's poetic history of Spanish battles with Pueblo people in New Mexico in the 1590s.
Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá accompanied Juan de Oñate on the Spanish expedition into Nuevo Mexico in 1598. Luckily for history, Villagrá was a poet who recorded the details of the adventures in the rhyming verse of his day. Villagrá modeled his His...
Show Keywords: 1590s; 1610s; Acoma Pueblo; Acomas; adventures; battles; cantos; chapters; conflicts; conquistadores; death; destruction; Europeans; expeditions; eyes; Franciscans; friars; General History of Virginia; Greece; Historia de la Nueva México; history; Homer; indigenous people; literature; New Mexico; Oñate, Juan de; poets; pueblos; retaliation; rhymes; Rome; Smith, Captain John; Spanish; verses; Villagrá, Gaspar Pérez de; works; Zaldívar, Juan de |
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Title: Declaration of Status
Source(s): Don Juan de Oñate, Colonizer of New Mexico, 1595-1628 Author(s):
Isabel la mulata (Author); George Hammond (Editor); Agapito Rey (Editor)
Isabel, a woman of Indian and African descent, obtains proof of her freedom before traveling to New Mexico in 1600.
In the town of Querétaro in New Spain, January 8, 1600, there appeared before Don Pedro Lorenzo de Castilla, his majesty's alcalde mayor in this town, a mulatto woman named Isabel, who presented herself before his grace in the appropriate legal mann...
Show Keywords: 1590s; 1600s; affidavits; authority; Castilla, Don Pedro Lorenzo de; colonialism; daughters; depositions; details; expeditions; freedom; frontiers; Indians; justice; marriage; mayors; mulattos; negroes; New Mexico; New Spain; Oñate, Juan de; Olvera, Isabel de; person of color; Querétaro; rights; servants; single; slaves; statements; status; towns; witnesses; women; workers |
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Title: Gaspar Villagrá and the Story of His Epic Adventure in the Upper Rio Grande
Source(s): Trail Dust Author(s):
Marc Simmons (Author); Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá (Author)
Historian Marc Simmons sketches the life of Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá, poet-historian of the Spanish conquest.
Captain Gaspar Pérez de Villagrá published an epic poem in 1610. Written in classical style, it was fashioned in imitation of the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. The poem bore the rather colorless name, Historia de la Nueva Mexico.
Villagrá is...
Show Keywords: 1550s; 1590s; 1598; 1600s; 1610s; Acoma Pueblo; Acomas; adventures; Alcalá de Henares; ambition; battles; books; captains; church; colonialism; columns; commanders; conquistadores; details; entradas; epic poem; expeditions; favors; Historia de la Nueva México; history; Isleta Pueblo; journalism; kills; kings; Madrid; men; Mexico; Mexico City; military; money; New Mexico; Oñate, Juan de; officers; oral history; poem; poets; publish; Puebla; Rio Grande; Rome; Salamanca; sanctuary; Santa Fe New Mexican; settlements; settlers; Simmons, Marc; soldiers; Spain; students; supplies; supply masters; Trail Dust; universities; viceroys; Villagrá, Gaspar Pérez de; Virgil; Zuni; Zuni Pueblo; Zunis |